Learning Theories
Hi everyone!
Today I will explain some of the learning theories of human development through Gagne's nine steps.
So, first of all let me introduce you the 9 steps of a recommended instruction.
Preparation
1. Gaining attention
2. Informing learners of the objective
3. Stimulating recall of prior learning
Instruction and Practice
1. Presenting the stimulus
2. Providing learning guidance
3. Eliciting performance 4. Providing feedback
Assessment and Transfer
1. Assessing performance
2. Enhancing retention and transfer
1) Gaining attention
Stimulate learners with novelty or surprise
Pose thought-provoking questions
Have learners pose questions to be answered by other learners
Present an intriguing problem
Present a new and interesting situation that provokes curiosity
Present meaningful and relevant challenge
First, I asked as what are learning theories, and if they know what are some examples. And then we watched a general video on the subject and played a small game to draw students ' attention to the lesson.
2) Informing Learners of the Objective (Expectancy)
After gaining their attention, inform the learners of the learning objectives to help them understand what they will be learning during the session. State what the learners will be able to accomplish during the session and how they will be able to use the knowledge in the future. This allows the learners to organize their thoughts on what they will learn and help place them in the proper mind set.
Techniques for stating the objectives include:
Describe what they will be able to do at the completion of the session
Describe required performance
Describe criteria for standard performance
Explain how their learning will benefit them
3) Stimulating Recall of Prior Learning (Retrieval)
Help the learners make sense of new information by relating it to something they already know or something they have already experienced. To accomplish this present the learner with an experience or cue that stimulates their prior knowledge. Make connections between what they are learning, and their previous learning. When people learn something new, it is best to correlate the new information with related information or topics they have learned in the past.
Methods for stimulating recall include:
Ask if they have any previous experiences with the topic
Ask questions about previous experiences
Ask about their understanding of previous concepts
Give them an example of an experience similar to what they are learning
4) Presenting the Stimulus (Selective Perception)
Present the learner with the new information using learning strategies to provide effective and efficient instruction. Organize and chunk content in a meaningful way. Provide explanations after demonstrations.
Ways to present session content include:
Organize your information in a logical and easy-to-understand manner.
Chunk information
Provide examples
Utilize multiple delivery methods (e.g., video, demonstration, lecture, podcast, group work)
Use a variety of text, graphics, figures, pictures, sounds, simulations, etc. to stimulate the senses
Use a variety of approaches (such as visual cues, verbal instruction, and active learning) to suit people with different learning styles / preferences.
5) Providing Learning Guidance (Semantic Encoding)
Offer the learner guidance by providing coaching on how to learn the skill. Give examples and advise of strategies to aid them in the learning content and of resources available to them. Also, provide guidance using cues, hints, and/or prompts to help them understand and remember what they are learning.
Ways to provide learning guidance include:
Concept mapping for associations
Mnemonics to cue and prompt learning
Role playing for visualization of application
Case studies for real world application
Analogies to help knowledge construction
Graphics to make visual associations
6) Eliciting Performance (Responding)
Let the learner do something with the newly acquired behavior, skills, or knowledge. Provide them with practice activities to activate the learning process. This activity allows the learner to internalize the new information (skills and knowledge) and to ensure correct understanding and application of the knowledge/concepts.
Ways to activate learner processing include:
Have the learner do something with the newly acquired behavior
Have the learn demonstrate practicing skills
Have the learner apply knowledge to a scenario or case study
Ask questions so that they can show their knowledge
Ask the learner to demonstrate how to use it
Have them complete a role playing exercise
7) Providing Feedback (Reinforcement)
After the learner attempts to demonstrate their knowledge, provide immediate feedback of learner's performance to assess and facilitate learning. This is also a good time to reinforce any important points.
This stage helps reinforcement of a correct answer, gives guidance as to the degree of correctness of the task, and/or provides corrective feedback if the response or behavior is incorrect.
Tips on providing feedback:
Be positive
Be objective
Use first-hand observation
Deliver focused and concise feedback
Focus on areas the student can control
8. Assessing Performance (Retrieval)
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the instructional events, administer a test the learner to determine if the expected learning outcomes have been achieved. Performance should be based on previously stated objectives.
Methods for assessing performance learning include:
Written test
Short questionnaires
Short essays
Oral questioning
Other measurement tool to show that they've learned the material or skill effectively
9. Enhancing Retention and Transfer (Generalization)
Give the learner resources that enhance retention and transfer of knowledge so that they are able to internalize the new knowledge and enhance his or her expertise. Repeated practice with effective feedback is the best way to ensure that people retain information and use it effectively.
Methods for helping learners internalize new knowledge include:
Having them summarize content
Having them generate examples
Having them create mind maps / concept maps
Having them create outlines
Having them create job-aids
Having them create other types of reference material
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